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Dark matter is a hot topic. It's there but you can't see it. You can measure it because it's evident that something is there to hold galaxies together and prevent them from just flying apart. What we see in visible matter is not enough to account for the gravity forces required to keep everything together.

There are other forces we know of but can neither measure nor explain yet. Gravity is a prime one. We can see it's effects, we can calculate how much force it provides, but we find it impossible to capture it or what ever force it is to 'see it'.

Or how about dark energy. Where does it come from? Why did the value of it's push change? Dark energy is the supposed force that is causing everything to fly apart in the universe. Taken to the end of entropy, nothing will be near anything else and there will be no energy to get from one place to another, to see any star or body in the heavens nor the ability to actually travel there.

This started with the astronomer by the name of Hershel. Hershel discovered that everything seemed to be moving away from each other. He found this out by measuring what is called red shift. The easiest way to explain this is sound as an analogy. When you hear a train coming, the sound is compressed slightly and the pitch is altered just a bit higher. As it passes and leaves, the sound decompresses, changing again the pitch to a slightly lower tone. Just by hearing this sound, humans can fairly well tell which way it is going in relation to them and some general idea of how fast. Light is much the same with different properties. Blue light is the compressed light coming towards you. Red light, is the decompressed light leaving. Instead of pitch, the light is shifted towards it's value lower for red. So the further it is into ultraviolet, the faster it is going away from you. Through this measurement, it has been found that the most distant and fastest traveling galaxies are redshifted into ultraviolet, no longer in the infrared.

This led to the big debates over the big bang or at the end of it, the big crunch, when everything came back together as a single solid mass containing all mass in the universe in one pin point. So which was it to be? A never ending expansion or a return to what the conditions were, prior to the big bang?

In trying to find this out, a mathematical factor was developed called the Omega factor (Ω). The Ω is a sort of inverse ratio. Less than 1 means that everything will keep expanding. An Ω greater than one means The Big Crunch. Today's guesstimation is somewhere between .6 and .7.

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