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Old 03-05-15, 22:10   #1
 
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Important Web/Net May Reach Limit/Collapse in 8Yrs >Scientists Warn

Is the Internet on The Brink of Collapse? The Web Could Reach its Limit in Just Eight Years and Use All of Britain's Power Supply by 2035, warn Scientists

  • Internet speeds have increased by 50-fold in the last decade alone
  • Optical fibres have reached capacity and cannot transfer any more light
  • Laying down more cables may solve problem but this will increase costs
  • 'It is harder and harder to keep ahead,' said Professor Andrew Ellis
Daily Mail UK, 3 May 2015


The internet is heading towards a 'capacity crunch' as it fails to keep up with our demand for ever faster data, scientists have warned.


Leading engineers, physicists and telecoms firms have been summoned to a meeting at London's Royal Society later this month, to discuss what can be done to avert a web crisis.
The boom of internet television, streaming services and ever-more powerful computers has increased the strain on our communications infrastructure.

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The internet is heading towards a 'capacity crunch' as it fails to keep up with our demand for ever faster data, scientists have warned. The cables and fibre optics that send information to our laptops, smartphones and tablets will have reached their limit within eight years, experts say



Quote:
HOW THE WEB COULD COLLAPSE

The cables and fibre optics that send information to our laptops, smartphones and tablets will have reached their limit.
Experts warn science has reached its limit and that fibre optics can take no more data from a single optical fibre.
The internet companies could always put down additional cables - but that will mean higher bills.
Experts say we could be faced with paying double or will have to put up with an internet that switches off intermittently.
Storing information in large 'server farms', rather than transferring it, would take the strain off the network
In just 20 years, if usage rates continue, all of Britain's power supply could be consumed by internet use.
The cables and fibre optics that send information to our laptops, smartphones and tablets will have reached their limit to send data within eight years, experts warn.
So far, engineers have managed to keep ahead of demand, increasing internet speeds 50-fold in the last decade alone.


In 2005, broadband internet had a maximum speed of 2 Megabits per second. Today 100Mb-per-second download speeds are available in many parts of the country.
But experts warn that science has reached its limit - and fibre optics can take no more data.
The result, according to Professor Andrew Ellis, who has co-organised the Royal Society meeting on May 11, will be higher internet bills or a cap on internet usage.

Professor Ellis, of Aston University in Birmingham, told the Daily Mail: 'We are starting to reach the point in the research lab where we can't get any more data into a single optical fibre.
'The intensity is the same as if you were standing right up against the sun.
'The deployment to market is about six to eight years behind the research lab - so within eight years that will be it, we can't get any more data in.

'Demand is increasingly catching up. It is growing again and again, and it is harder and harder to keep ahead.
'We have done very well for many years to keep ahead. But we are getting to that point where we can't keep going for ever.
'Unless we come forward with really radical ideas, we are going to see costs dramatically increase.'


Usage is increasing at such a rate that by 2035 Prof Ellis predicts the internet will use all of Britain's power supply - making it impossible to meet demands.
Optical fibres are flexible, transparent strands the thickness of a piece of a human hair. Information is transformed into light, sent down the fibre, and then transformed back into information.
Until now, internet firms have simply sent more and more data down the single fibre as demand rises. But optical fibres have reached their physical capacity, they cannot transfer any more light.

Professor Ellis thinks that within eight years, we will have reached our limit.






What the Internet really looks like: Each yellow line is one of the major fiber-optic cables that carry Internet traffic around the world. These are the 'plumbing' of the internet, and many are routed undersea


The internet companies could always put down additional cables - but that will mean higher bills.

'If you put down a second line, it doubles the cost,' Professor Ellis said.
'That is a completely different business model. I think a conversation is needed with the British public as to whether or not they are prepared to switch that business model in exchange for more capacity.
'Are we prepared to pay more? Or should we stop expanding capacity and put up with Netflix juddering?'

The professor warned that it also takes a huge amount of electricity to transfer data.
'The internet uses the same energy as the airline industry - about two per cent of a developed country's entire energy consumption,' he said.
'That is just for the data transfer. If you then add the computers, the phones, the television, then it is up to eight per cent of the country's energy consumption.'

Every time internet speed increases, the electricity it takes to transfer the power also rises.
Professor Ellis said: 'That is quite a huge problem. If we have multiple fibres to keep up, we are going to run out of energy in about 15 years.









Optical fibres are flexible, transparent strands the thickness of a piece of a human hair. Information is transformed into light, sent down the fibre, and then transformed back into information. Until now, internet firms have simply sent more and more data down the single fibre as demand rises




Quote:
POWERING THE INTERNET

Between eight and 16 per cent of Britain's power is currently used up by the internet.
This is equivalent to three nuclear power stations.
As internet usage rises, the amount of power needed to meet it is doubling every four years.
By 2020 the UK is likely to reach its capacity to transmit data.
If usage continues to increase, by 2035 the internet could consume all of Britain's power.
This will make it impossible for the UK to produce enough power.
'The public needs to decide whether they want to use their precious wind turbine electricity on electric cars, or on more internet.
'We need to start this discussion now.'

Britain is already consuming up to 16 per cent of all its power through internet use and this rate is doubling every four years.
Prof Ellis said the major telecom operators account for one to three per cent of national energy consumption - the equivalent of three nuclear power stations - and rising internet demand could consume the nation's entire power supply by approximately 2035.
Not everyone, however, is convinced of the severity of the situation.

Andrew Lord, head of optical research at BT and a visiting professor at Essex University, insists scientists will come up with a solution.
Professor Lord, who will address the Royal Society meeting, said storing information in large 'server farms', rather than transferring it, would take the strain off the network.
'The internet is not about to collapse,' he said. 'It has a lot of bandwidth left in it.'

BT said it is working with leading universities on new research to ensure future demand for the internet is met. A BT spokeswoman said:

"The current generation of technology will exceed bandwidth needs for many years to come, but of course new technologies will be needed to cope with continued growth in demand further into the future.
"We're now working with leading universities and other global operators to kick off a new phase of research, ensuring that we move beyond the limitations of the current generation of technology to meet customers' demands in future decades.'

She also said it was impossible to speculate on how much prices would be in the future because there are many factors that could affect this.

A spokesman for the Royal Society said:

'Communication networks face a potentially disastrous 'capacity crunch' as demand for data online outstrips the capacity of the optical fibres that carry internet signals.
'This meeting brings together experts to discuss why we're heading towards a capacity crunch, what can be done to avert it, and the impact if we do nothing: data rationing, the end of net neutrality and rising costs for going online.'

Government Invests into Superfast Broadband to Boost Achievement


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Old 19-07-17, 09:15   #2
 
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Computers Who Invented the Internet/WWW & 1st Search Engines

The British Invented Much of the Internet

By Tom Foremski, MHO & ZNET


BBC News reports that many Internet technologies were pioneered by British researchers...

It wasn't Al Gore and the US after all....


The British invented the Internet, or rather key technologies which make up the Internet.

Take a look at this article on BBC News about early British computer pioneers:



Quote:
By splitting data into packets and threading them on the same line, the carrying capacity of that link could be boosted and the whole network made more powerful.

Roger Scantlebury, who worked with Dr Davies, presented the ideas about "packet switching" to a conference in the US, where they were picked up by the creators of the nascent Arpanet, the fledgling internet.

Does that mean Britain invented the internet?

"Yes and no," said Mr Scantlebury. "Certainly the underlying technology of the internet, which is packet switching, we did invent."
British Researchers Also Worked on Hyperlinks...

Quote:
David Yates was project manager of a program called Scrapbook which rolled together word processing, e-mail and hypertext - a system that incorporated many elements of the World Wide Web.

Scrapbook went live on 28 April 1971...Scrapbook helped people across the 28 acres of the NPL campus collaborate or projects without having to sit next to each other.

British man, Tim Berners-Lee, was responsible for inventing one particular part of the Internet: the World Wide Web.


In 1989, Berners-Lee submitted a proposal at CERN to develop an information system that would create a web of information. Initially, his proposal received no reply, but he began working on his idea anyway.

In 1990, he wrote the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)—the language computers would use to communicate hypertext documents over the Internet and designed a scheme to give documents addresses on the Internet. Berners-Lee called this address a Universal Resource Identifier (URI). (This is now usually known as a URL—Uniform Resource Locator.)

By the end of the year he had also written a client program (browser) to retrieve and view hypertext documents. He called this client "WorldWideWeb." Hypertext pages were formatted using the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) that Berners-Lee had written.

He also wrote the first web server. A web server is the software that stores web pages on a computer and makes them available to be accessed by others. Berners-Lee set up the first web server known as "info.cern.ch." at CERN.

In 1991, he made his WorldWideWeb browser and web server software available on the Internet and posted notices to several newsgroups including alt.hypertext.

The Web began to take off as computer enthusiasts around the world began setting up their own web servers.

Often the owners of the new sites would email Berners-Lee and he would link to their sites from the CERN site.

His dream of a global information space was finally happening.


The web is yet another British invention which has helped to shrink the globe in communications.

In 2007 the Queen awarded Berners-Lee with one of Britain's highest honours - the Order of Merit.


So the British did invent the Internet but with typical British modesty, didn't want to blow their own horn. At least until now....

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Old 19-07-17, 09:37   #3
 
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Default Re: Who Invented the Internet/WWW & 1st Search Engines

Timeline of Web Search Engines

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Attached Images
File Type: png SEARCH ENGINES 1.PNG (55.2 KB, 19 views)
File Type: png SEARCH ENGINES 2.PNG (45.7 KB, 17 views)
File Type: png SEARCH ENGINES 3.PNG (50.3 KB, 17 views)
File Type: png SEARCH ENGINES 4.PNG (55.6 KB, 17 views)
File Type: png SEARCH ENGINES 5.PNG (57.8 KB, 17 views)
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Old 19-07-17, 09:47   #4
 
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Update Re: Who Invented the Internet/WWW & 1st Search Engines

Timeline of Web Search Engines

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

CONTINUED....

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Old 20-07-17, 02:18   #5
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Default Re: Who Invented the Internet/WWW & 1st Search Engines

Don't think ole Al Gore will ever live that one down. He don't even have the sense of a gopher....
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Old 20-07-17, 07:17   #6
 
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Default Re: Who Invented the Internet/WWW & 1st Search Engines

Quote:
Originally Posted by Tarfoot View Post
Don't think ole Al Gore will ever live that one down. He don't even have the sense of a gopher....

O you are naughty Tarfoot....
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Old 21-02-18, 11:35   #7
 
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Computers VIDEO > How Does the Internet Work?

What Is the Internet, Exactly?





by Chris Hoffman HTG, 20th February, 2018


Everyone’s talking about the internet and whether, or how, it should be regulated. But not enough people know how the internet actually works—or what exactly the internet is.


You probably have your own “local area network” at home, and it’s made up of all the devices connected to your router, which connects to the internet. The word “internet” refers to a worldwide system of “interconnected computer networks”.

That’s all the internet really is—a large number of computer networks all over the world, connected together. Of course, there’s a lot of physical hardware—from the cables under your city streets to the massive cables on the ocean floors to satellites in orbit around the planet—that makes this communication possible. There’s also a lot of software at work in the background, allowing you to type in a website address like “google.com” and have your computer to send information to the physical location where that website is located in the fastest way possible.

Even when you’re just connecting to a single website, there’s a lot more going on under the hood. Your computer can’t directly send a piece of information, or “packet” of data, to the computer hosting the website.

Instead, it passes a packet to your home router with information about where it’s going and where the web server should reply. Your router then sends it to the routers at your internet service provider (Comcast, Time Warner, or whoever else you use), where it’s sent to another router at another internet service provider, and so on, until it reaches its destination. Any packets sent back to your system from the remote server make the reverse journey.

.


To use an imperfect analogy, it’s a bit like sending a letter in the mail. Your local postal employee can’t just grab the letter and take it directly across the country or continent to its destination address. Instead, the letter goes to your local post office, where it’s sent to another post office, and then another one, and so on, until it gets to its destination. It takes longer for a letter to get to the other side of the world than the other side of the country because it has to make more stops, and that’s generally true for the internet as well. It will take a bit longer for packets to go longer distances with more transfers, or “hops”, as they’re called.

Unlike with physical mail, sending data packets is still very fast, though, and it happens many times a second. Each packet is very small, and large numbers of packets are sent back and forth when computers communicate—even if one is just loading a website from another one. A packet’s travel time is measured in milliseconds.


Data Can Take Many Paths

This network of networks is a little more interesting and complex than it might seem. With all these networks connected together, there isn’t just a single path data takes. Because networks are connected to multiple other networks, there’s a whole web of connections stretching out around the globe. This means that those packets (small pieces of data sent between devices) can take multiple paths to get where they’re going.

In other words, even if a network between you and a website goes down, there’s usually another path the data can take. The routers along the path use something called the Border Gateway Protocol, or BGP, to communicate information about whether a network is down and the optimal path for data to take.

Creating this interconnected network (or internet) isn’t just as simple as plugging each network into a nearby one, one by one. Networks are connected in many different ways along many different paths, and the software running on these routers (so named because they route traffic along the network) is always working to find the optimal paths for data to take.

You can actually see the path your packets take to a destination address by using the traceroute command, which tells routers along the path the packet travels to report back.

For example, in the screenshot below, we traced the route to howtogeek.com from a Comcast internet connection in Eugene, Oregon.

The packets traveled to our router, through Comcast’s network north to Seattle, before being routed onto a Tata Communications (as6453.net) backbone network through Chicago, New York, and Newark before making their way to a Linode data center in Newark, New Jersey where the website is hosted.





We speak of packets “traveling”, but of course, they’re just pieces of data. A router contacts another router and communicates the data in the packet. The next router uses the information on the packet to figure out where it’s going and transmits the data to the next router along its the path. The packet is just a signal on the wire.


IP Addresses, DNS, TCP/IP, HTTP, and More Details

That’s a high level overview of how the internet works, at least. There are lots of little topics that are important to the internet we all use, and which you can read about in more detail.

For example, every device on a network has a unique, numerical IP address on that network. Data is sent to these addresses. There are both older IPv4 addresses and newer IPv6 addresses. IP stands for “internet Protocol”, so an IP address is an “internet Protocol address”. These are the addresses that devices on the network use and speak.

People use human-readable domain names like howtogeek.com and google.com, which are more memorable and understandable than a series of numbers. However, when you use domain names like these, your computer contacts its domain name system (DNS) server and asks for the numerical IP address for that domain.

Think of it like a large, public address book for phone numbers. Companies and individuals who want domain names have to pay to register them. You probably use your internet service provider’s DNS service, but you can choose to use another DNS server like Google Public DNS or OpenDNS.

Underlying all this, there are different layers of “protocols” that devices use to communicate, even when using internet protocol. The most common transport protocol is TCP/IP, which stands for Transmission Control Protocol over internet Protocol. TCP is all about reliability, and devices chat back and forth and track packets of data to ensure nothing gets lost along the way. If it does, it’s noticed and resent. There are also other protocols, like UDP, which throws out the reliability stuff for raw speed.

Above transport protocols like TCP and UDP are application protocols, like HTTP or HTTPS—the hypertext transfer protocol, which your web browser users. The HTTP protocol works on top of the TCP protocol, which works on top of the IP protocol.
Other applications might use different protocols or create their own protocols that nevertheless operate on top of protocols like TCP and IP. So much of the technology we use involves layers of technology built on other layers, and the same is true for the internet.

Once you understand the basics, you can better appreciate why this IT Crowd scene is so funny, too. (VIDEO)
.
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