Throughout the day, 19 Senators and numerous other Representatives — many of them Republicans — came out in opposition to SOPA and PIPA or renounced their former support for the bills.

“When people on the outside make their voices heard, it becomes incumbent to address their legitimate concerns,” one Hill staffer told TPM.

And so although some students might have been frustrated by their inability to access Wikipedia for 24 hours, the blackout of the free encyclopedia and the numerous other websites that joined it — including Reddit, and to lesser extent, Google and Craigslist, which altered U.S. their homepages with censor bars but still made them accessible — made it clear that there was an abundance of critics to the bills, and that their criticisms were impossible to ignore.

The protests proved even the more cynical of observers (including yours truly) decidedly wrong, showing just how speedily the Web could mobilize around a political issue and how focused it could be, prompting the New York Times to declare Blackout Day to be “A Political Coming of Age for the Tech Industry.”

But after speaking with various people involved in the debate — including those in Congress, those on the side of the Web companies who criticized the bills, and those in online advocacy groups — TPM has learned that there were several other pivotal moments as well.

“There was sustained effort for the past three months,” said Tiffiniy Cheng, co-founder of Fight For the Future, an online advocacy non-profit that was founded in mid-2011 with a grant from the Media Democracy Fund, itself a fund-raising and distribution organization founded in 2006 “on the belief that freedom of expression and access to information are basic human rights.”

Fight for the Future played an early leading role in coordinating the various websites and groups opposed to SOPA and PIPA into a cohesive coalition.

That coalition, which ended up including upwards of 70 different companies and advocacy groups — From Tumblr to Demand Progress to Don’t Censor the Net — first took shape as a coalition in November 2011 under the banner “American Censorship,” just in time to rally opponents ahead of the House Judiciary Committee’s first hearing on SOPA.

At the time, the “American Censorship” website encouraged opponents of SOPA to “censor” or “blackout” their own logos in opposition of the bill by using a few lines of code the group offered online. Several notable websites followed suit on November 16, the day of the first hearing on SOPA.

“There were 4 million people on AmericanCensorship.com during the markup hearing,” on November 16, Cheng told TPM. “That was a pivotal moment. Sites like Boing Boing and Mozilla and many other websites, an Internet grassroots, began waking up. It was an amazing day.”

Further, Cheng said that “Congress tried to ignore,” the initial protests to the bills, but it became clear that the tide was slowly starting to turn in the opponents’ favor during a markup hearing on SOPA in mid-December 2011.

At the time SOPA’s primary sponsor, Rep. Smith, also the Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee which was conducting the markup, expressed confidence ahead of the hearing that lawmakers would swiftly vote to move the bill forward.

But that didn’t happen. In fact, quite the opposite — a small core of SOPA opponents including Reps. Darrell Issa (R-CA), Jason Chaffetz (R-UT), Zoe Lofgren (D-CA), Jared Polis (D-CO) and others introduced 55 amendments to the Smith’s bill in an effort to address the complaints of the Web community, or at least slow the progress of SOPA down.

In the end, the hearing lasted an arduous 15 hours spanning over two days, at which point Chaffetz finally convinced Smith to adjourn the hearing and consider holding additional hearings on the potential cybersecurity ramifications of SOPA. Nobody knew it at the time, but that was to be the last time lawmakers formally considered SOPA.

After the SOPA hearing was adjourned, Congress went on recess, giving opponents more time to rally. And fortune worked in their favor too, with the International Consumer Electronics Show (CES) being scheduled during the recess, giving Issa and Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR), another strong opponent of the bills, time to attend to the show and spread the word to thousands of techies from around the U.S. and the globe.

The reason why the Web community picked SOPA as its rallying point, as opposed to the PROTECT IP Act, which had been introduced in the Senate far earlier by Sen. Patrick Leahy (D-VT) in May 2011, is interesting also.

Sources close to the Internet companies that were staunchly opposed to the legislation from the getgo told TPM that they expressed their concerns when PIPA was first introduced, but that PIPA’s backers had basically pulled a bait-and-switch on them.

As one source put it: “We were told back in May ‘Oh, don’t worry, we’re not going to take care of them now, we’ll take care of them later, on the House side.’”

Indeed, Wyden put a hold on PIPA just days after it was introduced, freezing in it its tracks. Sources close to the Web companies told TPM that they continued to pester Congress for negotiations, but they never happened.

Hill staffers involved in the debates recall the conversation with the Web companies differently, “Each side will say the other is to blame,” one staffer told TPM.

But when the Internet companies and their representatives finally caught sight of SOPA when it was introduced in October, their jaws dropped, because it did not address their concerns in the slightest.

“We were like ‘What the f***?’,” one source close to the Web companies told TPM.

Another turning point in the fight, according to those involved, was the entrance of former Senator Chris Dodd (D-CT), who after retiring from the Senate in early 2010, took a job as the CEO of the Motion Picture Association of America in March 2011.


Dodd was something of a late-comer to the SOPA fight as well, but when he finally did so on Tuesday, the effect was like a bomb going off. Dodd released a statement on Tuesday ahead of the mass protests, blasting “Blackout Day” and the companies involved, accusing them of being “irresponsible” and turning their users into “corporate pawns.”

He then went on a full-throated media blitz — cable news, major newspapers — attacking critics of the bills as unreasonable, even threatening, in so many words, that Hollywood would abandon its historic support of — and donations to — the Democrats and President Obama in the 2012 election cycle.

“Candidly, those who count on quote ‘Hollywood’ for support need to understand that this industry is watching very carefully who’s going to stand up for them when their job is at stake,” Dodd said in an exclusive interview with Fox News. “Don’t ask me to write a check for you when you think your job is at risk and then don’t pay any attention to me when my job is at stake.”

“Who says that out loud?” wondered one source close to the Web companies who spoke to TPM.

“What was the connection between Dodd’s former political career and the bills getting as far as they did, on the calendar for a vote, in the case of the Senate?” asked another.

However, Dodd, who is by law formally prevented from lobbying Congress for another 70 days or so, gave an interview to the New York Times on Thursday in which he appeared to raise the white flag, calling for the bill’s supporters in Hollywood and opponents in the tech community to meet and hammer out their differences in a White House summit.

In the interview, Dodd candidly acknowledges how his organization was taken aback by the mass online protests against the bills.

“This was a whole new different game all of a sudden,” Dodd told The Times. “This thing was considered by many to be a slam dunk.”

Hill staffers described Dodd’s interview with The New York Times as yet another turning point.

“The Chris Dodd interview was a sea change,” one Hill staffer told TPM, saying that after that, it was fairly clear the MPAA, which had been one of the staunchest supporters of the bills, would be willing to give up on them.

One thing all sides agreed on was that the “bullet in the head,” to SOPA and PIPA was the statement put out Thursday by Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY) calling upon Sen. Reid, in his capacity as Majority Leader, to cancel the vote on PIPA that had been scheduled for Tuesday, January 24 (which Reid ended up doing on Friday morning).

After McConnell’s statement, it became clear that PIPA would not have the 60 votes necessary to clear cloture. In fact, staffers counted only about 25 or 30 “yay” votes, as they told TPM.

Still, the four Republican presidential candidates all coming out against SOPA in Thursday’s debate in South Carolina was an extra “icing on the cake,” according to sources close to the Web companies.

A list-ditch overture by Senator John Kyl (R-AZ) to salvage PIPA and make it more palatable by pulling a provision that would have forced search engines to remove links to websites accused of piracy ended up going nowhere, according to all of our sources.

And so it was that Reid announced on Friday morning that the vote on PIPA would be indefinitely postponed. Smith’s statement postponing further action on SOPA was soon to follow.

But even with SOPA and PIPA dead, opponents to the bills aren’t letting their guards down.

“We’re ready to try and keep any effort from going forward where the copyright lobby is trying to block, censor us, or cut off our PayPal accounts,” Fight for the Future’s Cheng told TPM.

As for going forward, Cheng’s group and the Web companies are tentatively interested in supporting Wyden’s and Issa’s OPEN ACT, an alternative bill that narrows the definitions of pirate websites and shifts the responsibility for fighting them over to the International Trade Commission. But some say that focusing on pirates to begin with might not be the right approach.

“Where we need to start is actually getting a ‘User’s Bill of Rights’ together for communication and sharing of culture,” Cheng said. “We need to defend way people communicate online. Once we get that in place, then we can go forth from there.”

Cheng said her group is working on drafting a Internet User’s Bill of Rights at the moment.

Chart by Clayton Ashley

Correction: This post originally said Wikipedia was dark for 12 hours, when in fact, the website was down for 24. We have corrected the error and regret it.

TalkingPointsMemo




.